Objective: Health-related concerns do not destroy with the usual reassurance from others and even the physicians but are transmitted over time from one disease to another. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of health anxiety inventory in caregiver of cancer patients. Method: In a descriptive study, a sample of 255 people (153 women and 102 males) was selected through available sampling method from caregivers of cancer patients as samples of this study. Result: The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using the internal consistency, split-half and testretest, respectively 0. 95, 0. 86 and 0. 63. Also, the convergent validity of the questionnaire was 0. 74 with Beck Depression Inventory. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor model had moderate fitness and the threefactor model proposed by authors had a good fitness. Conclusion: The results showed that health anxiety inventory has good psychometric properties in caregiver of cancer patients.

We conducted this study in the Agogo Traditional Area of the Ashanti region of Ghana where there are numerous cases of conflicts between crop and animal farmers as a result of insufficient pasture for livestock, especially during the dry seasons. This has drawn the attention of various stakeholders in agriculture to the need for supplement feed through pasture establishment. The study examines farmers’ perception and the financial viability of pasture establishment for small ruminant production. The specific objectives of the study are as follow: to identify the cost and returns for the establishment of an acre of pasture, to assess the financial viability of pasture establishment on ‘cut and sell’ basis, to investigate farmers’ perception of pasture establishment for cattle production, to conduct a SWOT analysis of the establishment of pasture in Agogo. The study purports to analyze in detail, farmers' perceptions about the nature of the proposed 'Fodder Bank' policy and its likely effect on crop and livestock production, and whether the proposed policy could generate adequate monetary returns to induce its adoption at the farm level. The study seeks to provide evidence in support of SDG goals 2 (Zero hunger) and 12 (Responsible consumption and production) of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. To the authors' best of knowledge, this is envisage to provide valuable information to support policy initiatives intended to tackle the root cause of farmer-herder conflicts. The Asante Akim North Municipal is one of the 27 administrative Districts in the Ashanti Region. Its capital is Konongo- Odumasi. The population for this study comprises livestock and crop farmers in Agogo. Asante Akim North Municipal was purposively selected for the study because it is noted for its agrarian abilities and massive production of food in the Ashanti region. The multi stage sampling was employed in this study. At the first stage, Asante Agogo traditional area was selected purposively due to the fact that majority of the inhabitants engage in agricultural activities (GSS 2010). At the second stage, three communities in Agogo namely, Hwidiem, Ananekrom and Bebuso were selected purposively. At the third stage, quota sampling was used to obtain a specific number of farmers from each of the three communities to sum up to 150 respondents as shown in table. Simple random sampling technique was then used to engage the selected farmers in these communities. A sample size of 150 respondents were obtained using the Slovin’s formulae which is a scientific method of obtaining the sample size for a given population. Structured questionnaires consisting of open and close ended questions were used to gather primary data from respondents through face-to-face interviews. Interviews were conducted using the local dialect mostly to enhance communication and to clear all language barriers but English was used where the respondents could give accurate answers in English Language. Data per the questionnaires from respondents were concerning their perception of pasture establishment and the assessment of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of pasture establishment. Secondary data was sought from books, journals, dissertations and the internet. Useful and relevant information on the appropriate materials and their costs for establishing pasture was also obtained from the Agogo MoFA office, and the KNUST Department of Animal Science. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, tables and means were used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of respondents. It was revealed in the study that majority of crop farmers have had their crops destroyed by ruminants especially cattle at least once. Additionally, the study showed that pasture establishment is one way through which crop farms destruction by livestock can be prevented as about 99% of farmers responded in the affirmative. The results for the financial viability of the venture under the assumptions used gave relevant results with BCR of 1.18 and NPV of GHC 3,160. The Internal Rate Return of the venture is estimated at 40.1% and a Pay Back period of 2.61 years. Therefore, it will be economically prudent for investors to commit resources towards establishing pasture. The perception index for commercial, economic and financial concerns of pasture establishment was 3.7 which is skewed toward agree. The statement that had the highest positive perception index was about the fact that pasture establishment will increase the quality of meat. This implies that respondents perceive that the commercial, economic and financial results of pasture establishment will be positive. The perception index for the social category was 3.66. The statement with the highest positive assertion by respondents is the fact that pasture establishment will help control the movement of animals. The perception index of 3.66 which is skewed towards agree means that pasture establishment will attract the support from the community and also bring more benefits to the society. In the category of technical concerns of pasture establishment, the overall perception index for this category is 3.15, which means that the respondents perceive they have a fair technical know- how concerning pasture establishment even though the venture requires technical know-how. In the category of institutional concerns, support and involvement in pasture establishment, the statement with the highest perception index is that MoFA will support farmers with the necessary resources in its capacity. With reference to the chi-square test, the study can conclude that there is a significant relationship between the type of farmer and the perception that support can be drawn from farmer-based associations, and the perception that pasture establishment will increase livestock production as well as the general sales of farmers. Lastly, the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between the educational background of the farmer and the perception that it is not difficult to select planting materials for pasture establishment. Farmers in Asante Akim Agogo should adopt the establishment of pasture since it is financially viable. The establishment of pasture in Asante Akim Agogo should be encouraged since it has the potency to reduce the farmer - herder conflicts and ensure food security. For successful pasture establishment, technical know-how is essential.

Background: time perception is considered as an important subject in cognitive psychology, which is essential for our understanding regarding brain mechanisms underlying human cognition and disabilities. Deficits in time perception have been found in people with both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, Parkinson’ s and Alzheimer’ s disease. The present study aimed at developing and evaluating the time perception Software with a sample including 152 Iranian students. Methods: The computerized time perception task was designed based on time estimation, reproduction, production and time comparison method. In order to verify the reliability of the task, 30 students which were participated in the test sample repeated the test after one month. The content and construct validity were used in order to examine the validity of the task. The construct validity of the time perception task was verified by analyzing the confirmatory factor analysis using the Amos 24 software. Results: In the modified model, the comparison factor was eliminated (CFI=0. 965). The highest correlation was observed in the time estimation of 11 seconds with a correlation coefficient which was equal to 0. 935 (P=0. 001), while the lowest correlation coefficient was observed in the time production of 17 seconds with the correlation coefficient which was equal to 0. 679 (P=0. 001). The internal consistency of the task indicated that the time perception task had a near-optimal validity and its reliability was at the optimal level with the Cronbach’ s alpha which was equal to 0. 67. Conclusion: In order to conclude, The time perception Software appeared to be reliable and valid for assessing and measuring time perception in the Iranian students. This software can be used in future research investigations.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of working memory and task duration on time perception. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental. The population of this research was school students, university students and personnel of organizations of Kerman city in 2018 and among them, 300 persons were selected by available sampling method. The time reproduction task of Shahabifar and Movahedinia (2016) was used for obtaining data. Data were analyzed by paired samples t-test and two factor analysis of variance with repeated measures. Findings: The results showed that the main effect of working memory and task duration and interactive effect of these variables on time perception was significant (p<0. 01). Working memory and increase of the task duration affect time perception respectively in the form of decreasing and increasing the amount of time reproduction error. Conclusion: time perception decays significantly with increasing length of time intervals and working memory load.

Objective: Several factors have been shown to affect perceived durations. In the present study, we verified the hypothesis that emotional states induced by Persian words influence error in time perception.Method: Sixty-three volunteer undergraduate female students of the University of Tabriz participated in the experiment. By means of a computerized test, a set of emotional Persian words rated for valence and arousal (using Self-Assessment Manikin-SAM) were projected to all participants for 2, 5 and 8 seconds. Two-factor ANOVA with repeated measures, one-way ANOVA, paired and independent t-tests were used to analyze data.Results: A significant main effect of Emotion, and Duration was found. Emotion and Duration interaction effect was also significant. Emotional words (especially negative ones) assessed to be shorter than neutral ones (under-estimation error). Shorter perceived duration was greater for 2 second standard duration.Conclusion: These findings indicate an effect of emotion on time perception. The results are interpreted in the framework of the attentional time perception and arousal time perception models.